加拿大正在经历墓地危机：墓位越来越少、价格飞涨

加拿大地广人稀，土地可能是最不稀缺的资源。可是令人颇为惊讶的是，本国很多大城市正面临“墓地危机”，导致人们很难找到下葬的场所，而且墓地的价格飞涨。

据本地英文媒体 CTV 采访土地规划公司 LEES+Associates 的总裁李斯（Erik Lees）表示，加拿大的“墓地危机”其实从20到25年前就浮现，只是由于缺乏关注，所以问题越来越大。

以该公司所在的温哥华为例，该市目前只有一处墓园 Mountain View Cemetery 可供居民使用，而墓位也只剩下了几百个。短缺必然导致价格飙升，于是现在每个墓位的价格都在 2.5 万元左右，每平米的地价都赶上豪宅了。

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Mountain View Cemetery, Vancouver's lone graveyard, has just about 600 spaces for interment left.

在本国其他人口密集的城市如多伦多，也有不同程度的“墓地危机”，墓位价格也不断上涨。几万块钱的价格是个不小的财务负担，令不少老年人担心，百年之后该葬于何处。

李斯表示，本国大城市的“墓地危机”，很大程度上由于城市缺乏规划。政府只注重发展市中心、住房社区，却忘了给亡者准备一个休息的地方。

由于墓位价格飞涨，越来越多的人选择火化（cremation）。目前加拿大全国的火化率比早年增加了 68%，这缓解了“墓地危机”。此外，政府方面已意识到问题的存在，拿出了一些解决办法，例如使用废弃的道路，开发成墓园。

可是李斯表示，上述现象和措施无助于从根本上解决问题，因为很多加拿大人出于信仰和文化的考虑，仍然喜欢土葬。如果没有充足的供应，加拿大的墓地迟早涨到只有富人才能承担的地步。

加拿大或许可以效仿其他国家（例如德国），取消墓地的永久拥有权，而改为“租赁”。当10年或20年的租约过期，又没有人来续租时，墓园方面就可以将墓位清空，遗骨安葬在别处，并转租给其他人。

移民的困惑：埋葬在加拿大还是安葬回自己的故乡

以下是《环球邮报》原文

PROPERTY REPORT

Cemeteries running out of room

DAINA LAWRENCE Special to The Globe and MailPublished Monday, Apr. 10, 2017 5:22PM EDTLast updated Thursday, Apr. 20, 2017 6:37PM EDT

Canada’s cemeteries are in a crisis. They are already packed with bodies, and both urban and rural areas alike are struggling with where to bury their dead.

Vancouver’s Mountain View Cemetery, the city’s only graveyard, sits on 106 acres of land and is home to 92,000 graves. But even after a land reclamation project that began in 2010, it has just approximately 600 gravesites available that come at a hefty cost of $25,000 for a 1.2-metre by 2.4-metre grave. Thirty years ago, the price was $110.

“We actually filled up first in 1964,” Mountain View manager Glen Hodges says. “And then through a series of renovations over the next two decades we were able to close a few redundant roadways, fill in some pathways and convert that space to casket space and that lasted until 1986.” The cemetery stopped selling graves in March of that year, only to continue after the latest reclamation project.

Mountain View’s predicament isn’t unique, as finding space to bury the country’s dead is a problem that is plaguing the majority of Canada’s more than 18,000 cemeteries. Some in the industry say it’s our discomfort with death and finite views on burial that are presenting many municipalities with a space shortage. Others say poor urban planning is compounding the crisis.

In the mid-2000s, the Vancouver cemetery took advantage of a provision in B.C.’s Cremation, Interment and Funeral Services Act, which allows cemeteries to “reclaim previously sold rights of interment under certain conditions,” says Mr. Hodges. Those conditions include the grave being vacant, not part of a group purchase (or family plot) and bought before 1940.

The cemetery reopened in 2012 for casket burial, “but those spaces are severely limited,” adds Mr. Hodges. And once the reclaimed graves are occupied, there is no other method of expansion.

Some cemeteries are relying on land donations to provide for their expansion.

Greenwood Cemetery in Burlington, Ont., is in the midst of a two-acre expansion, creating just enough graves to provide for burials for another 15 years. Created in 1888, Greenwood sits on 15 acres of land, and in 2011 a private donation of almost two acres of farmland from Burlington resident Lorne J. McMillan gave the city more space with which to work.

But after it fills up with in-ground interments, Greenwood Cemetery will have nowhere to go.

“It’s pretty landlocked by residential properties and a main roadway,” explains Phil Antoniow, manager of business services for the roads and parks maintenance department for the City of Burlington.

Cremation is helping to ease the burden and is gaining popularity year over year. According to the Cremation Association of North America, 68.8 per cent of Canada’s dead were cremated in 2015 and by 2020 that number is expected to rise to 74.2 per cent.

But space for in-ground interments is a requirement for some people on religious grounds – including members of the Jewish and Muslim faiths – and soon Canadian cemeteries may not be able to accommodate, says Erik Lees, principal of Lees + Associates, landscape architects who specialize in cemetery expansions.

“I can safely say this is a problem from coast to coast to coast,” says Mr. Lees, describing his company’s work in places such as Nova Scotia, PEI, British Columbia and Nunavut. There are some rural towns whose cemeteries still have room to grow, but they are few and far between. “If communities aren’t experiencing this issue now then it’s only a matter of years before they are.”

He explains that it’s our attitude about death that is compounding the predicament.

“People are just not comfortable talking about it and [city] planners aren’t taught about it,” says Mr. Lees, “and now we’re in a near crisis point across the country.”

He has seen several examples of city officials passing the onus on to the private sector. “My goal is to steer communities away from that crisis point.”

There are some short-term solutions that are being employed at cemeteries across Canada, including the use of memorial walls that house cremated remains above ground.

But these resolutions are temporary, and in a few more decades we will circle back to this problem, says Mr. Lees.

His thought is that if Canadians got rid of their dust-to-dust notion of burial and adopted a more European approach of “leasing” a grave space, it would present a much longer-term solution.

“The problem that we have, unique to North America, is that we bury in perpetuity,” says Mr. Lees. “And until we change that, and I’m an advocate of changing that, we need land.”

In Germany, one’s final resting place isn’t to be taken literally. The law allows families to lease a gravesite for a specific time period, anywhere from 15 to 30 years – enough time for decomposition to take effect. The remains are then removed and the space is available for another person or family to rent. In the Netherlands, graves are typically cleared out after a couple of decades.

Japan, where the majority of people are cremated, has opted for a high-tech graveyard solution in many of its big cities. Ashes are stored in urns in converted warehouse spaces. Family members can retrieve an urn by swiping a card in a card reader, activating a robotic arm that delivers the vessel to a designated mourning area, which is equipped with calming music and a water fountain.

At another Japanese columbarium, mourners can also use the smart cards to change the colour of an LED-lit Buddha statue to signal the location of the remains within the building. It’s an option that comes at a fraction of the cost of an in-ground burial, which can reach upwards of $100,000 in Tokyo.

These countries have limited space with dense populations and they have chosen a pragmatic approach to death. Similarly, this type of pragmatism was alive and well in Canada in the Victorian age, a time when the country’s first parks and green spaces were cemeteries and cities grew up around them.

But as death has become more institutionalized, there has been a disconnect between urban planning and setting aside space for the dead, creating the climate for the current crisis, explains Mr. Lees.

Canada needs a radical rethink on how it buries its dead and a shift in legislation to match, he says. According to Mr. Lees, “If it wasn’t for cremation, we’d be from the frying pan into the fire.”

Source：https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/cemeteries-running-out-of-room/article34656233/

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以下是《环球邮报》原文